隨著電(dian)(dian)力電(dian)(dian)子技術的(de)(de)發展，現(xian)在(zai)(zai)對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)、電(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)控制要(yao)求也越(yue)來越(yue)高(gao)(gao)，相配套的(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)或者低壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)結構越(yue)來越(yue)復雜，對于(yu)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)而言(yan)，要(yao)保證(zheng)其正(zheng)常(chang)穩定可靠運行，*須(xu)要(yao)對高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)實(shi)施(shi)日(ri)(ri)常(chang)維護，同時要(yao)對日(ri)(ri)常(chang)發生的(de)(de)一些常(chang)見(jian)故障(zhang)進(jin)行簡單的(de)(de)故障(zhang)診斷和故障(zhang)處理，只有這樣(yang)，才能(neng)夠(gou)實(shi)現(xian)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)服役壽(shou)命(ming)的(de)(de)*大化。文章(zhang)分析了高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)常(chang)見(jian)故障(zhang)，并在(zai)(zai)此基礎上對高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)日(ri)(ri)常(chang)維護以及(ji)停機期間的(de)(de)維護工作(zuo)進(jin)行了總(zong)結。

　　1.高壓變頻器概述

　　1.1高壓變頻器結構

　　高壓(ya)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)近幾年(nian)逐(zhu)漸(jian)發展起來的(de)一(yi)種應用(yong)(yong)十分(fen)(fen)(fen)廣泛的(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)，它(ta)和(he)過去傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)采用(yong)(yong)液力耦合方式(shi)或者串級調速(su)(su)實現的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)調速(su)(su)方式(shi)是(shi)一(yi)樣的(de)，只(zhi)是(shi)采用(yong)(yong)改變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)運行電(dian)(dian)(dian)源頻(pin)率實現對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)調速(su)(su)的(de)目的(de)。目前，高壓(ya)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)不管是(shi)通(tong)用(yong)(yong)的(de)還是(shi)專用(yong)(yong)的(de)，其內部(bu)(bu)的(de)結構都是(shi)相通(tong)的(de)，主(zhu)(zhu)要包(bao)括(kuo)三(san)個(ge)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)：一(yi)是(shi)主(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路接線端(duan)(duan)，包(bao)括(kuo)接工頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)輸(shu)入端(duan)(duan)（R、S、T），接電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)的(de)頻(pin)率、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)連續可調的(de)輸(shu)出端(duan)(duan)（U、V、W）;二是(shi)控制端(duan)(duan)子(zi)，包(bao)括(kuo)外(wai)部(bu)(bu)信號控制端(duan)(duan)子(zi)、變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)工作(zuo)狀態(tai)指示(shi)(shi)端(duan)(duan)子(zi)、變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)與微機(ji)(ji)或其他變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)的(de)通(tong)信接口(kou);三(san)是(shi)操(cao)作(zuo)面板，包(bao)括(kuo)液晶顯示(shi)(shi)屏和(he)鍵盤。通(tong)用(yong)(yong)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)由(you)主(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路和(he)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路組(zu)成，其中(zhong)(zhong)，給異(yi)步電(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)提供調壓(ya)調頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)換部(bu)(bu)分(fen)(fen)(fen)稱為主(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路，主(zhu)(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路包(bao)括(kuo)整流器(qi)(qi)、中(zhong)(zhong)間直流環節（又(you)稱平波回路）和(he)逆變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)等。

　　1.2高壓變頻器工作原理

　　高壓(ya)變頻(pin)器的工作(zuo)原理可以(yi)按照其結構(gou)構(gou)成部件的工作(zuo)原理來理解：

　　（1）整流(liu)器。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)側的(de)(de)變流(liu)器為整流(liu)器，它(ta)的(de)(de)作用是把工頻電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源變換(huan)成(cheng)直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。三(san)相交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源一般需經過壓(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡引入到整流(liu)橋的(de)(de)輸入端。壓(ya)敏(min)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)網(wang)(wang)(wang)絡的(de)(de)作用是吸收(shou)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)浪(lang)涌(yong)過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，從(cong)而避免浪(lang)涌(yong)侵入，導致過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)而損(sun)壞變頻器。

　　（2）逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)。逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)的(de)作用與整(zheng)流器(qi)(qi)相反，逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)的(de)主(zhu)要作用是為了(le)將(jiang)直(zhi)流功率轉(zhuan)換為所需要的(de)交流功率，通(tong)暢逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)安置在負載側;逆(ni)(ni)變器(qi)(qi)*常見的(de)形式就是采用6個半導體(ti)開關器(qi)(qi)件(jian)組(zu)建成三相橋式逆(ni)(ni)變電(dian)路，從而(er)完(wan)成從直(zhi)流到交流的(de)逆(ni)(ni)變過程[1]。

　　2.高壓變頻器的常見故障分析

　　2.1通電開機無響應

　　高壓(ya)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)內(nei)部有大量的(de)(de)(de)開關元(yuan)件和(he)變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)線圈，結構非常(chang)(chang)復雜(za)，變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)通電后沒有響應就是一種常(chang)(chang)見的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)障(zhang)，導致這(zhe)種故(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要原(yuan)因集中在插頭松(song)動和(he)熔(rong)斷(duan)絲熔(rong)斷(duan)這(zhe)兩類(lei)故(gu)障(zhang)上，當(dang)出現開機無(wu)響應狀況(kuang)(kuang)時(shi)，應對變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)電源模塊進(jin)行檢(jian)(jian)查，確定(ding)無(wu)斷(duan)路情況(kuang)(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)發生(sheng)，同時(shi)還要經常(chang)(chang)檢(jian)(jian)查線路板上的(de)(de)(de)積塵狀況(kuang)(kuang)，及時(shi)對其進(jin)行清理。

　　2.2不能帶負載啟動

　　高壓變頻器(qi)帶負(fu)載啟動失敗時，應(ying)首先確定空載啟動是(shi)否正(zheng)常(chang)，如果正(zheng)常(chang)就可以(yi)判(pan)斷造成這種(zhong)故(gu)障的(de)主要(yao)原因就是(shi)變頻器(qi)采用的(de)恒轉矩(ju)啟動方式，這種(zhong)故(gu)障通(tong)常(chang)可以(yi)通(tong)過選(xuan)擇合理的(de)加減速時間來消(xiao)*。

　　3.高壓變頻器日常維護

　　高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)變頻(pin)器一般的(de)(de)(de)安裝環境要求：*低環境溫度(du)(du)(du)-5℃，*高(gao)(gao)環境溫度(du)(du)(du)40℃。大量研究表(biao)明，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)變頻(pin)器的(de)(de)(de)故障(zhang)(zhang)率隨溫度(du)(du)(du)升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)而(er)成指數的(de)(de)(de)上(shang)升(sheng)，使用(yong)壽命隨溫度(du)(du)(du)升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)而(er)成指數的(de)(de)(de)下降，環境溫度(du)(du)(du)升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)10℃，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)變頻(pin)器使用(yong)壽命將減半(ban)。此外，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)變頻(pin)器運(yun)行情況(kuang)是(shi)否良好.與環境清潔(jie)程度(du)(du)(du)也有(you)(you)很大關系(xi)。夏季是(shi)高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)變頻(pin)器故障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)多發期，只有(you)(you)通(tong)過良好的(de)(de)(de)維護保養工作，才能夠減少設備故障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)產生，請用(yong)戶務必注意。

　　在夏季高壓變(bian)頻器維護時，應注意變(bian)頻器安(an)裝(zhuang)環(huan)(huan)境(jing)的溫度，定期清掃變(bian)頻器內部灰塵，確保冷卻風(feng)路的通(tong)暢。加強巡(xun)檢(jian)，改*變(bian)頻器、電機及線路的周邊環(huan)(huan)境(jing)。檢(jian)查是否緊(jin)固，保證(zheng)各個電氣回路的正確可靠連接，防止不必要的停(ting)機事故發生(sheng)。

　　4.高壓變頻器抗干擾的常用措施

　　干(gan)擾(rao)電(dian)路(lu)嚴重影響(xiang)高(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)的工作效率(lv)，高(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)的E端(duan)(duan)要(yao)(yao)與(yu)控制柜(ju)及電(dian)機的外殼相(xiang)連，要(yao)(yao)接保安地，接地電(dian)阻(zu)應小于(yu)100歐(ou)，可(ke)吸收(shou)突波(bo)(bo)干(gan)擾(rao)。高(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)的輸(shu)(shu)入或(huo)輸(shu)(shu)出端(duan)(duan)加裝(zhuang)電(dian)感(gan)(gan)式磁環濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)。平(ping)行(xing)并(bing)繞3～4圈，有(you)助于(yu)抑*高(gao)(gao)次(ci)諧波(bo)(bo)（此方法(fa)簡單易行(xing)，價(jia)*低(di)廉）。上(shang)述磁環濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)還可(ke)根據現場情況加繞在(zai)高(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)控制信(xin)號(hao)端(duan)(duan)或(huo)模擬(ni)(ni)信(xin)號(hao)給定端(duan)(duan)的進(jin)線上(shang)。裝(zhuang)有(you)高(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)的電(dian)控柜(ju)中，動(dong)力線和(he)信(xin)號(hao)線應分開穿管(guan)走線，金屬軟管(guan)應接地良(liang)好。模擬(ni)(ni)信(xin)號(hao)線要(yao)(yao)選用(yong)屏(ping)蔽(bi)線，單端(duan)(duan)在(zai)高(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)處接仿(fang)真(zhen)地。還可(ke)通過調整高(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)的載頻(pin)來改*干(gan)擾(rao)。頻(pin)率(lv)越低(di)，干(gan)擾(rao)越小，但電(dian)磁噪聲越大。RS485通訊口(kou)與(yu)上(shang)位(wei)機相(xiang)連一定要(yao)(yao)采用(yong)光電(dian)隔(ge)離(li)的傳輸(shu)(shu)方式，以提高(gao)(gao)通信(xin)系(xi)統的抗干(gan)擾(rao)性能。外配計(ji)算機或(huo)儀(yi)表(biao)的供電(dian)要(yao)(yao)和(he)高(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)頻(pin)器(qi)(qi)的動(dong)力裝(zhuang)置供電(dian)分開，盡(jin)量避免共(gong)享一個內部(bu)變(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)。在(zai)受干(gan)擾(rao)的儀(yi)表(biao)設備方面也要(yao)(yao)進(jin)行(xing)獨立(li)屏(ping)蔽(bi)，市場上(shang)的溫控器(qi)(qi)、PID調節器(qi)(qi)、PLC、傳感(gan)(gan)器(qi)(qi)或(huo)變(bian)送器(qi)(qi)等儀(yi)表(biao)，都要(yao)(yao)加裝(zhuang)金屬屏(ping)蔽(bi)外殼并(bing)與(yu)保安地相(xiang)連。必要(yao)(yao)時(shi)，可(ke)在(zai)此類(lei)儀(yi)表(biao)的電(dian)源進(jin)線端(duan)(duan)加裝(zhuang)上(shang)述的電(dian)感(gan)(gan)式磁環濾(lv)(lv)波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)。

　　5.變頻器停機后的維護

　　當(dang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)停機后(hou)(hou)，我們(men)同時(shi)需要(yao)注(zhu)意(yi)對(dui)其(qi)維護(hu)，以確(que)保(bao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)得到好的(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)，防止(zhi)其(qi)受到損害，影響其(qi)使(shi)用壽命。用帶塑料(liao)吸嘴的(de)(de)吸塵(chen)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)徹*清潔變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)柜(ju)內(nei)外，保(bao)證(zheng)設備周圍無(wu)過量(liang)的(de)(de)塵(chen)埃。檢(jian)查(cha)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)室(shi)的(de)(de)通風、照(zhao)明設備，確(que)保(bao)通風設備能(neng)夠正(zheng)常運轉(zhuan)。檢(jian)查(cha)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)部電(dian)纜(lan)問(wen)的(de)(de)連接(jie)(jie)應正(zheng)確(que)、可靠(kao)。檢(jian)企變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)柜(ju)內(nei)所有(you)(you)接(jie)(jie)地應可靠(kao)，接(jie)(jie)地點無(wu)生銹每隔半(ban)年(nian)（內(nei)）應再(zai)緊同一(yi)次變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)部電(dian)纜(lan)的(de)(de)各連接(jie)(jie)螺母。變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)長(chang)時(shi)間停機后(hou)(hou)恢復運行，應測量(liang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)（包括移相(xiang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、旁通柜(ju)主回路(lu)）絕(jue)(jue)緣，應當(dang)使(shi)用2500V兆歐表。測試絕(jue)(jue)緣合格后(hou)(hou)，才能(neng)啟動變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。檢(jian)查(cha)所有(you)(you)電(dian)氣連接(jie)(jie)的(de)(de)緊固性，查(cha)看各個(ge)同路(lu)是(shi)否(fou)有(you)(you)異常的(de)(de)放電(dian)痕跡，是(shi)否(fou)有(you)(you)怪(guai)味、變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)色，裂(lie)紋、破損等(deng)現象(xiang)。每次維護(hu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)后(hou)(hou)，要(yao)認真(zhen)檢(jian)查(cha)有(you)(you)無(wu)遺漏的(de)(de)螺絲及導線(xian)等(deng)，防止(zhi)小金屬物品造成變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)短路(lu)事故。特別是(shi)對(dui)電(dian)氣回路(lu)進行較(jiao)大改(gai)動后(hou)(hou)，確(que)保(bao)電(dian)氣連接(jie)(jie)線(xian)的(de)(de)連接(jie)(jie)正(zheng)確(que)、可靠(kao)，防止(zhi)反(fan)送電(dian)事故的(de)(de)發(fa)生。

　　高(gao)壓(ya)變(bian)頻器(qi)已經越來越廣(guang)泛的應用于工(gong)業生產的各個(ge)方面，高(gao)壓(ya)變(bian)頻器(qi)一旦發生故障，對于電力(li)系統供(gong)應、工(gong)業生產等(deng)都會(hui)產生嚴(yan)重的影響(xiang)。因此，*須要加強對高(gao)壓(ya)變(bian)頻器(qi)的日常(chang)維護。